The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. It flows south along the east coast of Africafrom 27S to 40S. Safaris, discussions & donations that make a real difference in Africa. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. WWF encourages the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawlers, which allow marine turtles to escape from nets. Overharvesting of timber and illegal commercial logging continue to threaten forests in Coastal East Africa. [2][3][4][5] However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore typically included Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. sapiens, representative of the earliest Homo sapiens, and suggested that Homo sapiens arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in South and East Africa. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. Area 1,420,236 square miles (3,678,394 square km). After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. It is believed that almost 90% of the entire wildlife of Madagascar is found nowhere else on planet Earth. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, it became part of Italian East Africa. Chami, Felix A. There is evidence of a considerable iron-smelting industry at Manda and of a lesser one at Kilwa. Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. [48] The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. Lucas Jackson/Reuters Elsewhere in the US, the West Coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the goofy jet stream . "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." The major difference between conservation of the animals on the land and that of the sea is that 30 million people rely on the coastal reef ecosystems to subsist and sustain their livelihoods. We assist local communities in securing management rights to their local wildlife and fisheries. East coast rock lobsters found in the Indo-West Pacific region, from East Africa along the coast of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Malay Archipelago, and then along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to Japan in the north and Australia, New Caledonia and probably the Marquesas Islands in the south. Ships sailed from there to western India to bring back cotton cloth, grain, oil, sugar, and ghee, while others moved down the Red Sea to the East African coast bringing cloaks, tunics, copper, and tin. A team of researchers . Out here in the deep blue waters, the fin indeed belongs to a blue shark, swimming just below the surface. Few would imagine that there could be more natural beauty on offer. East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the East, Africa faces the Indian Ocean. This benefits local people who rely on the forest for their livelihoods and frees up resources for the governments to improve local education and health infrastructure. His first stop was Zeila, a port of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia with a large Muslim community. The water temperature right now is at least 32F and at most 85F. Roland Oliver, et al. app@africageographic.com Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. El Nino events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . As the island is ring-fenced by one of the largest unbroken barrier reefs in the world, scuba diving here is a magical experience. Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. For all its richness, the region also has some of the highest rates of people living below the poverty line on the planet. 1. For example, men from local villages are now employed as game scouts, patrolling for poachers over hundreds of miles, often on foot. Go next. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique by sea. Please click on this logo for more information. [27] There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. Wild dogs, black rhinos and lions also roam its forests and grasslands. Chami, F. A. This has led to major pollution and overfishing. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. Azania Vol. Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa: Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa: Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries were riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. For example, we work with farmers to adopt drought resistant crops and conserve natural resources in the face of water shortages. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. This little piece of heaven is very popular for honeymoons and romantic breaks. [22] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400mm (16in) at Mogadishu and 1,200mm (47in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130mm (5in) at Garoowe to over 1,100mm (43in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. Sharm el-Sheikh has become . The British Museum. To provide further sources of incomeand also serve as markers for property boundariesWWF helped incorporate citrus trees. Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. [40][41], The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa however through Bab el Mandeb. The grasslands of Tanzania and Kenya are renowned for their wildlife, in particular large migratory herds of ungulates (e.g., gnus, zebras, and gazelles) and predators (lions, hyenas, and leopards). The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. East Africa & Indian Ocean cruises. The main ethnic groups of Eritrea, the Tigray and the Tigre, are speakers of Semitic languages. Miller, J. Innes. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. Approximately 55,000 people live in or around the Quirimbas marine reserve off the coast of Mozambique. We collaborate with authorities on a comprehensive investigation of illegal practices in an effort to create new policies and standards that mandate sustainable forest management and trade. We also introduced a new program of raising goats and offered improved husbandry techniques to reduce the animals impact on vegetation and crops. Trade, which seems to have been by barter, was considerable, with the main export probably of ivory. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. The largest ethnic groups in eastern Africa are the Oromo, Cushitic speakers who occupy much of southern Ethiopia, and the related Somali, who occupy all of Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and much of Djibouti. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. (2009 est.) The largest numbers of Nilo-Saharan speakers belong to the Luo, Lango, Kalenjin, Maasai, and Karimojong peoples, while the principal Bantu-speaking ethnic groups are the Kikuyu, Chaga, and Kamba. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The British Empire set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda, and Kenya. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. Consequently there has been much contact over the past two thousand years among the peoples who inhabit its shores. 352-55), which traded East African products to India, the Far East, and the West. The waters of the Western Indian Ocean also support globally important shrimp and tuna industries. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017). East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. All of the states produced pottery. [47] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. This is . editors@africageographic.com They have revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the edge of what was the finest harbour on the coast. Farmers are often killed while trying to defend their fields and elephants become the source of resentment and anger by the local communities. However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. The situation is exacerbated by large-scale illegal logging, which is often exported to international markets. Some of the island's historical buildings could be seen from the ocean, especially the House of . In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. [52], The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[53] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania. The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. However, the creation of clove plantations, intensification of the slave trade and relocation of the Omani capital to Zanzibar in 1839 by Seyyid Said had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region.[67]. With imports and exports on the rise in and out of these ports, it's only a matter of time before larger and deeper berths are necessary to accommodate the changes and remain competitive. [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. Villagers found that the small no-take zones that allowed fish stocks to rebound also produced an abundance of oysters. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. June 25, 2020. WWF strives to ensure that local people benefit from economic opportunities that come with new tourism enterprises. Along the coasts, you can find dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, whales, and five species of marine turtles. Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "big five": the elephant, buffalo, lion, black rhinoceros,[21] and leopard, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. The region also provides habitat for threatened shorebirds and seabirds, including the sooty tern, the masked booby, the greater crested tern, and the brown noddy. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The East Africa coast supports rich wildlife populations of which 60-70% are found only in the Indo-Pacific and 15% are found nowhere else in the world. Djibouti, as well as the Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia, have also seen relative stability. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. The Southern African coast line is 5500 km long and extends from Angola (Cunene River mouth)in the west to the Zambezi delta in the east, the border of Tanzania. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British India. Copy. Whales, dolphins, dugongs and whale sharks inhabit these Indian Ocean waters. Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. Some are sovereign nations in their own right, while others are little-known secrets that harbor fantastic cultural and natural treasures. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. [37][38][39], In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/H. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. The volcanic massif of Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, reaches 19,340 feet (5,895 metres) in northeastern Tanzania. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. In Tanzania, WWF works with partners to help improve lives and protect wildlife through the creation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)communal lands where local communities participate in the management of wildlife and resources. However, the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s. The earliest written accounts of the East African coast occur in the Periplus Maris Erythraeiapparently written by a Greek merchant living in Egypt in the second half of the 1st century ceand in Ptolemys Guide to Geography, the East African section of which, in its extant form, probably represents a compilation of geographic knowledge available at Byzantium about 400. No settlements from this period have been found. Casson, Lionel (1989). During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with Austronesian- and Arabic-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. The different types of mangroves that were planted can withstand longer periods of flooding. All travel bookings booked via Trust my Travel are financially protected by them. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. The East African Islands are in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. Threatened by illegal fishing, agricultural pollution and surrounding forest degradation, WWF worked to protect this area for future generations. These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. Best Answer. Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. Each year, tons of flip. Map Directions Satellite Photo Map Wikivoyage Wikipedia Photo: Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0. The Big Five of the Ocean: Exploring the Waters of East Africa. The Agulhas Current(/ls/) is the western boundary currentof the southwest Indian Ocean. The park is Africas largest marine protected arearich with coral reefs, dugongs, dolphins, marine turtles, whales, sharks and hundreds of species of fish. The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. 10. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. Klemetti, E. (2020), Are we seeing a new ocean starting . Mozambique is institutinga five-year strategy that makes the sustainable management of natural resources and the environment a priority, and to the creation of a program that will focus on protecting the countrys natural capital. Most of the smaller islands are independent nations, or associated with France, and known as luxury beach resorts . The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. The Eastern, or Great, Rift Valley extends from the Red Seas junction with the Gulf of Aden southward across the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya and continues on into Tanzania. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. To comment on this story: Download our app here - it's a troll-free safe place . Only with more knowledge can we hope to make informed decisions. They exported ivory (some of it went as far as China) and also tortoiseshell, ambergris, and leopard skins. Weather extremes also severely threaten the regions traditional livelihoods of farming and fishing. WWF strives to develop practical solutions to address the conflict that frequently occurs between people and wildlife. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. Lionel Casson. World Wildlife Fund Inc. is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax ID number 52-1693387) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. We work on sustainable use of natural resources, such as certified timber or fisheries, which also creates incentives for conservation. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory. This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later Nilotic communities. But also because there are so many different tourist coasts along its length. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." It is second in size to the Pacific Ocean. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. 1: The volcanic ridge offshore Mayotte. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. It's more than 41 million square miles, the second . The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1993 Burundi genocide and subsequent Burundian Civil War. 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