While elements of the PPE program depend on the work process and the identified PPE, the program should address: Employers should not rely on PPE alone to control hazards when other effective control options are available. << when airflow is on all sides of the object, Zone of turbulence is _____X the diameter of the object OSHA has found that appropriate work practices can be a vital aid in lowering worker exposures to hazardous substances and in achieving compliance with the PEL. airlock chamber. Exposures are likely to be highest when insulation is blown into place in a confined space. /Rotate 0 Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. If used properly, vacuum blast cleaning can achieve cleaning of good quality with minimal dust generation except in areas where access is difficult because of configuration (such as between back-to-back angles). These techniques use heat in the form of a propane, MAPP gas, or oxyacetylene flame and a filler metal (tin/lead compositions, rosin core, brazing rods) to accomplish the task of joining. NIOSH. Controls of this type generally involve scheduling of the work or the worker. The OSHA lead standard for construction is unique in that it groups tasks (Appendix V:3-1) that are presumed to be associated with employee exposures above the PEL into three lead-exposure ranges. Engineering controls means constructed containment barriers or systems that control one or more of the following: downward migration, infiltration, or seepage of surface runoff or rain; or natural leaching migration of contaminants through the subsurface over time. The relatively small volume of dust generated by this method can help to reduce containment requirements, although some screens and tarping are necessary to isolate the work area and to allow the sponge and debris to be collected. Consequently, appropriate controls must be implemented when using chemical strippers. Engineering controls are designs or modifications to equipment, industrial plants, processes, or systems that reduce the risk of worker exposure to a hazard. Large air-moving devices may be connected to the enclosed containment structure to exhaust dust-laden air and create a negative pressure with respect to the ambient atmosphere. /ArtBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] Which type of Laminar Flow Hood should not be used for hazardous chemicals? Lead health hazards in this operation, as in welding and torch cutting, are from lead that is superheated and released into the worker's breathing zone in the form of a fume. Good housekeeping involves a regular schedule of housekeeping activities to remove accumulations of lead dust and lead-containing debris. The exposure ranges assigned to the different categories of tasks are based on data collected by OSHA and other sources including two advisory groups. The primary exposure to fumes occurs while dipping the ladle into the lead pot, carrying the ladle by hand to the solder area, and pouring solder into the pipe joint. immediately below the work surface, Total-exhaust cabinet; no air is recirculated, Gas-tight enclosure, accessed by a pass-through Examples of engineering controls include installing guardrails to prevent falls, limiting exposure to hazardous chemicals via ventilation, using portable air conditioners to combat heat stress and installing noise absorption panels to dampen high noise levels. Well-designed engineering controls can be highly effective in protecting workers through solutions like machine guards or local exhaust ventilation (LEV). Examples of Hazards Where Engineering Controls are Effective, NIOSH Engineering Controls Research Program, Engineering Control Topics on the NIOSH Science Blog, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Power tools available for paint removal include needle guns, disc sanders, grinders, power wire brushes, rotary hammers, rotary peeners, and scarifiers. This is done by a crew of workers simultaneously chipping away the old mortar by hand. Taken together, these factors suggest that a worker's exposure to airborne lead during welding or cutting activities can vary widely and may be exceedingly high. 3 0 obj When the sponge is dampened, it can help reduce the amount of dust generated without unduly wetting the surface. 0000002832 00000 n << Use of shrouded power tools with HEPA vacuum attachments. Blowing with compressed air is generally prohibited as a cleaning method, unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with a ventilation system that is designed to capture the airborne dust created by the compressed air (e.g. Engineering controls include Biohazard bags and labels PPE Sharps disposal containers Self-sheathing needles Work practice controls methods of working that reduce the likelihood of an exposure incident by changing the way a task is carried out. A torque of $0.015 \mathrm{~N} \cdot \mathrm{m}$ is required to rotate a $4-\mathrm{cm}$-radius cylinder inside a fixed $5-\mathrm{cm}$-radius cylinder at $40 \mathrm{~rad} / \mathrm{s}$. trailer <<3FE115B2CE3646B19D51F54324A682A6>]/Prev 831446/XRefStm 2832>> startxref 0 %%EOF 709 0 obj <>stream 0000020285 00000 n This activity is usually performed by workers in the plumbing trades. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. /TrimBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] At the development stage, elimination and substitution may be the simplest and cheapest option. The lead used for this purpose must be liquefied. << Productivity can be high with this method if the objective is to remove only loose, flaky paint. Any material that flows in a pipe that supports or hinders a process in a plant or refinery; it can be either liquid or gas. Primary Engineering Controls (PECs): The Hoods Ease of batching multiple dosesSecondary Engineering Controls (SECs): The Room Supplemental Engineering Controls: The Tools The Hoods Some PECs, such as laminar airflow cabinets, simply facilitate product pro-tection, while others, such as containment primary engineering controls (C- Engineering controls function with minimum user input and do not rely on the skill or vigilance of individuals. A lead metal sheath is then slipped over the connection and the ends are sealed with molten lead. Noise, Falls, Silica, Aerosols, Asphalt fumes, Formaldehyde, Hazardous Drugs, Lead, Asbestos, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrous Oxide, Glutaraldehyde, more, Bloodborne Infections, Healthcare, Construction, Hearing Loss Prevention, Indoor Environmental Quality, Personal Protective Equipment, more, fb icon Facebookinsta icon Instagram Pinterest twitter icon Twitteryoutube icon YouTube device icon more sites. PECs all rely on a special type of high-efficiency particle air (HEPA) filter that is >99.99% efficient in removing particles as small as 0.3 microns in size (the most penetrating particle size [MPPS], which refers to the Brazing operations usually occur at temperatures in excess of 800F. The advantages of vacuum blasting are that most of the waste material and abrasive is collected at the site of generation and is therefore not transported to the breathing zone of the worker, and that there may be little or no need for containment. Direct manipulation takes place using rubber sleeves and gloves attached with gas-tight ports, Specifically designed for compounding If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. If you have additional questions about the SPCC program, please call our Oil Information Center at (800) 424-9346 or TDD (800) 553-7672. Verify that Eq. Because most field soldering and brazing work is conducted with a torch, it is difficult to regulate operating temperatures to within recommended limits to reduce the amount of metal fumes generated. Blast cleaning with recyclable abrasive such as steel grit or aluminum oxide requires specialized equipment for vacuuming or collecting the abrasive for reuse, separating the lead dust and fines from the reusable abrasive, and, in the case of steel grit, maintaining clean, dry air to avoid rusting of the abrasive. Economic Analysis of OSHA's Interim Final Standard for Lead in Construction. Where legally permitted, some elevator companies have switched the wire ropes on older elevators from sockets that utilize poured babbitt metal to wedge clamps or to sockets utilizing a thermoplastic/epoxy mixture (Personal communication, E. Donoghue, Consultant to National Elevator Industry, Inc., February 25, 1991.). Well-designed engineering controls can be highly effective in protecting workers and will typically be independent of worker interactions. The lead exposure of this group of workers can be caused either by the activities of their co-workers or their own work-related activities. Another method is worker rotation, which involves rotating employees into and out of contaminated areas in the course of a shift, thereby reducing the full-shift exposure of any given employee. The disadvantages of using water are that inhibitors may be necessary to avoid flash rusting, the containment must be designed to capture the water and debris generated by the cleaning process, wet abrasive/paint debris is more difficult to handle and transport than dry debris, and, unless the water can be filtered, it may add to the volume of debris generated. In this operation, the lead is typically melted above ground and then lowered by the assistant to the splicer, who is located in the manhole or underground vault. A device or barrier that is designed to help separate the hazard from the operator >> Certain lead-related construction tasks commonly produce exposures above the PEL and often orders of magnitude above the PEL. Industrial vacuuming involves the use of vehicle-mounted vacuum systems to clean various areas of industrial facilities. Which structure, the original enzyme or the denatured enzyme, is more ordered? Supplemental Engineering Controls Closed System Transfer Devices (CSTDs) May NOT be used as a substitute for C-PEC, may be used in addition when compounding MUST be used when administering antineoplastic HDs Ensure CSTD is physically and chemically compatible with the specific HD No universal performance standard for CSTDs, evaluate Summary of Secondary Engineering Controls Required for Each Classification of Compounded Sterile Preparation (CSP) Type of CSP per USP Chapter <797> ISO Class Requirement Segregated Compound- /Resources << Following major service to facility Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by This chapter provides OSHA compliance officers and safety and health professionals with general information on the types of construction activities involving worker exposure to lead and the feasible engineering and work practice controls to reduce these exposures. This section describes the job operations that take place in construction worksites and involve worker exposures to lead. OSHA's lead standard for construction applies to any construction activity that potentially exposes workers to airborne concentrations of lead. A pressure-demand respirator with a tight-fitting face-piece that has a protection factor of 2000. 0000012158 00000 n The debris generated is comprised of the removed paint and rust, along with the water. /T1_3 9 0 R 0000029438 00000 n Such materials must be collected and put into sealed impermeable bags or other closed impermeable containers. d. Ca(NO3)2\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_3\right)_2Ca(NO3)2 Sides Because residues of primer may still adhere to the substrate at the time of the final blast, the potential for exposure to lead continues, although at greatly reduced levels. The following engineering controls apply: Portable local exhaust ventilation should be used to remove lead dust and particulates from localized areas. << 0000003179 00000 n In addition, ensure to the extent possible that workers are upstream from the blasting operation to reduce their exposure to lead dust entrained in the ventilation air. Sash /T1_5 11 0 R Non-ventilation engineering controls can also include devices developed for the pharmaceutical industry, including isolation containment systems. The shroud must be kept flush with the surface. In addition, employees must not enter lunchroom facilities or eating areas while wearing protective work clothing or equipment unless surface lead dust has first been removed from the clothing or equipment by vacuuming or another cleaning method that limits dispersion of lead dust. This system uses compressed air to propel the abrasive medium to the surface being cleaned; however, water (which reduces dusting) is injected into the abrasive stream either before or after the abrasive exits the nozzle (Figure V:3-1). What Does Engineering Controls Mean? >> Engineering controls protect workers by removing or reducing hazardous conditions such as harmful dust or dangerous noise levels. This figure illustrates the usage of a shrouded tool. In addition, the volume of water required is reduced, with less than five gallons per minute typically used. Bags and containers must be labeled to indicate that they contain lead-containing waste. Lead Abatement Activities (Commercial/Institutional and Residential). Any material that is being considered as a substitute for a lead-based paint should be evaluated to ensure that it does not contain equally or more toxic components (e.g., cadmium or chromates). If the lead debris can be adequately filtered from the water, the volume of debris is low. Workers perform this work in relatively confined areas (such as an attic) or in an open bay structure. methylene chloride) when inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and many are skin irritants or skin corrosives. HUD Lead-Based Paint Abatement Demonstration Project. Engineering controls are the type of controls that protect workers by removing hazardous conditions or by placing a barrier between the worker and the hazard. When a worker is rotated out of the job that involves lead exposure, he or she is assigned to an area of the worksite that does not involve lead exposure. /T1_2 11 0 R These miscellaneous activities occur in conjunction with lead abatement or in-place management activities that have been previously addressed (i.e. Intermediate or finish coats of paint are applied later. Six inches from each side of the LAFW, When cleaning a laminar flow hood in which direction should contaminants be moving, cleanest area is cleaned first This process is repeated several times until the metal is too cold to pour. 1993a. engineering controls examples -glove boxes -biological safety cabinets -physical barriers of steel, plastic, glass -hand washing facilities -eye wash stations -sharps disposal containers -biological safety cabinets -ventilating laboratory hoods -autoclaves -safer sharps devices -air barriers or air "curtains" A variety of heads are available to achieve a tight seal for inside corners, outside corners, and flat surfaces. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has therefore recommended since 1974 that silica sand (or other substances containing more than 1% crystalline silica) be prohibited as abrasive blasting material. Additional exposures to lead fumes can occur during repair and maintenance operations in which pipe joints are heated to melt the lead caulking and are then pulled apart. This restricts the dispersion of the abrasive and thus the size of the area that can be cleaned. Administrative controls are another form of work practice controls that can be used to influence the way a task is performed. The companies providing this industrial cleaning service are hired to clean such areas as catwalks, structural beams, and floors to reduce worker exposure to accumulated dust and debris that results from normal operations. /Type /Catalog maintaining aseptic environment within the isolator, For a CAI, Net displacement of air is OUT of isolator by, For a CACI, Net displacement of air IN into isolator by, CACIs (compounding aseptic containment isolator) is mostly used for, What is the correct cleaning sequence for a vertical flow hood, Pole and hooks