Theyll say, The Scandinavians have great childcare and family-leave policies. Or theyll say, China has built more high-speed rail in the past few years than the U.S. has even thought about. So, naturally, the next question is: cant the U.S. just borrow these Scandinavian and Chinese and German ideas and slap them on top of the American way of doing things? Michele Gelfand is one of the premier practitioners of cross-cultural psychology. So, lets try to measure this., Gelfand and several colleagues undertook a massive research project, interviewing some 7,000 people from 33 countries on five continents. And then theres the big C, the stuff that we have these big conversations about, that we do these incredible studies about, which is really about the worldview of groups of people coming together, in a community, in a nation, in a family, right? In the latest issue of American Scientist, statisticians Kaiser Fung and Andrew Gelman wrote a strong critique of Levitt and Dubner's work. Still, Gelfands horizons were suddenly expanded; and her curiosity was triggered. Individualism places great value on self-reliance, on . People who went out to California, I would say if we gave them the tight-loose mindset quiz, they were probably on the looser mindset. If youre an economist, you might think that offering even $1 out of the 100 would be enough. It may help if youre not originally from here. Listen to this episode from Freakonomics Radio on Spotify. Sometimes incentives will be obvious, but often they will be hidden - and . And I could see there, a little bit similarly to the U.S., how the various ethnicities are trying to live together. Educated. It's part of our founding D.N.A. Heres how it works. HOFSTEDE: This is not about a homogenous soup, but its about the power of the millions versus the individual and the power of ostracism. Then he tried a coffee can with a money slot in its plastic lid, which also proved too tempting. The first is that a model of anything even nearly as complex as a national culture is bound to miss a lot of nuance. In 1990, when Gelfand was a graduate student, she followed the news as Iraq invaded Kuwait. This really contrasts with lots of places where there are legitimate traditional authorities and people tend to defer to those authorities. A dream team of directors e. 47 min. HOFSTEDE: You have a democracy. HOFSTEDE: And blue-collar. The converse, which is what Anglo societies are high on, means you dont care about ambiguity. They set out to explore the inner workings of a crack gang, the truth about real estate agents, the secrets of the Ku Klux Klan, and much more. Mark Anthony Neal of Duke is not surprised that the U.S. scores relatively high on the masculinity scale. NEAL: As someone who specialized in the African-American experience, and is African-American myself, I often fall back on the way the late Amiri Baraka described Black culture as a changing same.. To that end, the digital revolution is further shrinking the distance to power. Groups that tend to have threat tend to develop stricter rules to coordinate. The Hofstede scale puts the U.S. at 62 out of 100 on masculinity relatively high but substantially less masculine than China, Mexico, and much of Eastern Europe. Well go through the other five dimensions, much faster, I promise. Is that a yes? And we see that the combination of high individualism, high masculinity, and high short-termism can produce some chaos, at the very least. And so often, theyll just point at some other country on the map. It always was unsustainable, but was made even more acute to us. When Americans did this experiment, a third of them conformed and gave an obviously wrong answer. Thats the cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand. But then the experimenters confederates come in. So the U.S. produces the sort of Wal-Mart equivalent of religions: big churches giving the people what they want, high pageantry. Hence the term, the changing same. I think there are historical moments that are transcendent. And so individualism, trust in others, leads to more rapid innovation. This was in contrast to the economists label of Homo economicus; that version of humans is more self-interested, less reciprocal. Individualism once . People tend to be super-creative and theres a lot of negotiation of rules. Let's now consider the following statistic, which represents the hundreds of matches in which a 7-7 wrestler faced an 8-6 wrestler on a tournament's final day: 7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 48.77-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 79.6So the 7-7 wrestler, based on . Whereas we usually describe a scent by saying something that it smells like.. DUBNER: When youre inclined to look at the U.S. in a positive light, do you find uncertainty avoidance to be largely a force for the good in terms of creating and building a strong society, or do you think its more ? GADSBY: Have you ever noticed how Americans are not stupid? The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. I have a professorship in Joburg in South Africa, too. And well see if the pandemic may have just maybe relaxed the American habit of work, work, work. The book Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, is designed to pose fundamental questions concerning economics using a variety of imaginative comparisons and questions. Spoiler alert: This dimension is one of the six in which the U.S. is the biggest outlier in the world. GELFAND: We have a lot of work to do, theres no question. You may have noticed that Hofstede neglected to mention a certain country that we Americans tend to care about quite a bit. We just need to do it. And you could have a perfect storm in that direction. The Neglected 95%: Why American Psychology Needs to Become Less American, Measuring Inequity Aversion in a Heterogeneous Population Using Experimental Decisions and Subjective Probabilities, Westerners and Easterners See the World Differently, Economic Man in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies, Ultimatum Game with Ethnicity Manipulation: Problems Faced Doing Field Economic Experiments and Their Solutions, Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? Geert Hofstede ( 2 October 1928 - 12 February 2020) was born in a peaceful country, but his teenage years saw the second World War rage across Europe. DUBNER: Name some of the highest and lowest countries on this dimension. It shouldnt surprise anyone that individualism might contribute to inequality or at least, as Henrich puts it, the justification of inequality. Europe has very strong gradients between very individualistic Nordic and Anglo and Germanic countries; Germanic is a little bit more collectivistic. If you just look at Americans, its 70 percent American. HOFSTEDE: There was a Quaker at the head of I.B.M. That, again, is Mark Anthony Neal, from Duke. Pages: 4 Words: 1807. Is that the case? Michele Gelfand wasnt interested in that. Citation styles for Freakonomics How to cite Freakonomics for your reference list or bibliography: select your referencing style from the list below and hit 'copy' to generate a citation. In restrained societies, people tend to suppress bodily gratification, and birth rates are often lower; theres also less interest in things like foreign films and music. Fundamentally, individualism is a belief that the individual is an end in themself. It always was unsustainable, but was made even more acute to us during the pandemic. In other words, Americans dont just see other people as individuals. You had Woodstock, and youre going to have this kind of stuff happening again. If you no longer even pretend to be one people and to be fair to all the citizens of your country, then youre not going down a road that leads to a great future. HOFSTEDE: In an individualistic society, a person is like an atom in a gas. The cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand has been telling us about loose and tight cultures around the world. The examples include: school teachers and sumo wrestlers cheating, the Ku Klux . Joe Henrich points out that even our religions are competitive. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Read the excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics. And he said the reason was that he was a young postdoc, and he had holes in his jeans. Like, you saw in the U.S. trying to locate Covid in sewage. OLIVER: Baseballs were hit from the deck of a warship from a needlessly inflatable batting cage. HENRICH: It chafes us when we get ordered around. Heres one of the questions they asked. after? Its like, Oh, my gosh, that is so amazing. I was feeling like I have to tell that to my kids as a good parent, training my kids to be vertical and individualistic. Heres how he puts it in his latest book: You cant separate culture from psychology or psychology from biology, because culture physically rewires our brains and thereby shapes how we think. One example he gives is literacy. 470. Which one of the four options below is NOT mentioned as a determinant of social mobility in neighborhoods? Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything (Part of the Freakonomics Series) by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J . GELFAND: Were fiercely interdisciplinary. And all those things need to be realigned when you really have a true culture change. HENRICH: We dont like people telling us what to do. HENRICH: Im Joe Henrich. Michele GELFAND: The people that came to New York early on, they were from all sorts of different cultural backgrounds, and thats helped produce the looseness that exists to this day. Some of the measurable differences were a bit odd. Well find out what it means to be WEIRD although not weird in the way youre thinking. Gelfand says the countries that were most aggressive in trying to contain Covid tended to be tighter countries. You have to pronounce it right. Can that possibly be trueour culture shapes our genetics? GELFAND: In Germany and in Japan, the clocks are really synchronized. Where would you think the U.S. ranks among all the countries measured on this dimension? Okay, lets get into the six dimensions. Michael Fay wasnt a tourist; he was living in Singapore with his family, attending an American school. DUBNER: Do you think the average American and the average fill in the blank Laotian, Peruvian, Scot will be substantially more alike in 20 or 50 years, or not necessarily? It turns out that Americans were among the least likely to conform. Always check that your browser shows a closed lock icon and . The New Yorker's Malcolm . You're stuck in a metal tube with hundreds of strangers (and strange smells), defying gravity and racing through the sky. Gelfand has spent a lot of time trying to understand how a given countrys looseness or tightness affects everyday life. In a society in which 95 percent of adults are highly literate, he writes, people have a thicker corpus callosum than a society in which only 5 percent of people are highly literate. The corpus callosum is the bunch of nerve fibers that unites the two brain hemispheres. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE: None of it is intentional. Meaning, if you grew up in someplace like the U.S., when you look at an image youre more likely to pay attention to whats in the foreground, in the center. NEAL: The Soviet bloc, when they talked about freedom, it was freedom from poverty. Those should be the new words to your national anthem. Thats what we call tight-loose ambidexterity. High religiosity coupled with high individualism reveals another feature of American culture. Okay, you get the gist, right? And theres large differences around the world, for example, on how much cultures are exposed to chronic threat. Thats Mark Anthony Neal of Duke University. I came back to Colgate. You're stuck in a metal tube with hundreds of strangers (and strange smells), defying gravity and racing through the sky. Bush made clear to Iraqs Saddam Hussein that this wouldnt stand. President Bush had framed these negotiations as going an extra mile for peace.. Latin countries tend to be more collectivistic, especially Spain and Portugal not so much Italy and France. Let me give a little background. That is something that fundamentally many whites dont understand, right? Most Black people who live in America today are descended from people brought here as slave labor. Its also important to recognize that even though were really connected, still people are largely in their echo chambers, interacting with people who they know. Heres Mark Anthony Neal of Duke: NEAL: Historically, power has been obscure. And they were finding that people in Africa were not falling victim to this illusion. Singapore, for instance. He did some work in the factory and it shaped him to a great extent because there, he could see that the world of the organization looks so differently from the floor than it does from above. One thing that I think that Americans are more extreme than other Western countries and certainly elsewhere in the world is attributing individual success to the internal traits of the actor. And this is what Europe has. Find ratings and reviews for the newest movie and TV shows. Freakonomics, which weighs in at just over 200 pages (plus a hefty section of bonus material for those interested in learning more), takes as its principal argument the idea that economics exist as a tool to study society. At school in the Netherlands, Ive seen a mother ask her two-year-old, Shall I change your nappy? And then the child gets to decide whether its nappy gets changed. He came to consider a company "honest" if its payment rate was above 90 percent. Allen Lane 20, pp304. And how does this extraordinarily high level of individualism versus collectivism play out? SFU will never request our users provide or confirm their Computing ID or password via email or by going to any web site. For instance, the rhythm of vaccination in the U.S.A. is very fast. But its important to acknowledge that no culture is a monolith. Michele Gelfand has another example of how culture shapes perception. The American model is among the most successful and envied models in the history of the world. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. Im a professor of artificial sociality at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. Did you know there is an entire academic field called cross-cultural psychology? It was freedom from all these debilitating things because the state would be able to provide for you. NEAL: We think about improvisation in the context, obviously, of creative and musical terms, but its also a way of always having to adapt to the changing political, social, and cultural realities. And Im particularly interested in how its shaped our psychology. Download Print. Apparently over 50 percent of cats and dogs in the U.S. are obese. . NEAL: You have no real other example of a country that has brought together so many different national and ethnic and racial backgrounds. In another condition, they were wearing tattoos and nose rings and purple hair. 1 in individualism. In the end, he resorted to making small plywood boxes with a slot cut into . And thats because the vast majority of the research subjects are WEIRD. HOFSTEDE: This is actually a little bit of an unfortunate name. Now that weve taken a top-down view of how the U.S. is fundamentally different from other countries, were going to spend some time over the coming weeks looking at particular economic and social differences, having to do with policing, child poverty, infrastructure, and the economy itself. So, Japan has been hit by Mother Nature for centuries. HOFSTEDE: He decided to take a job there. He started out as an anthropologist; but he started mixing and matching disciplines to suit his curiosity. NEAL: We realized that the grind is unsustainable. We do this on vacations with my siblings. We had a very tight social order. GELFAND: Were trained from a very early age not just to be independent, but to be better. 493 Update) Adam Smith famously argued that specialization is the key to prosperity. The authors argue that humans usually make decisions based on the incentives for their actions. But a lot of the world is much more like a family. In any case, heres how Gelfand breaks down the upsides and downsides of tight cultures. The U.S. patent database goes back into the 18th century and what a number of studies in economics as well as work in my lab has shown is that openness to other people so, trust in strangers, an inclination towards individualism, a desire to stand out, to be the smartest guy in the room fosters more rapid innovation because people are more likely to exchange ideas, theyre more interested in distinguishing themselves. This individualism has produced tremendous forward progress and entrepreneurial energy. Segments: - A Roshanda By Any Other Name : Morgan Spurlock's investigation of the possible implications of names, especially "black" vs. "white" names, in personal . This paper focuses on the construction of racial identity online through the mediating influences of popular culture, old media, weblogs, and Internet users. Its more about how individuals are acted upon by the people and institutions around them. The notion of the American Dream has long been that prosperity is just sitting out there, waiting for anyone to grab itas long as youre willing to work hard enough. Culture can be quite an offensive concept, particularly to people who project it onto an individual characteristic, as if it was about an individual. Just like good science, good . Chinese, in that respect, are very like the Americans. You can even see the evidence in the clocks that appear on city streets. There, its really important to maintain that humility, to be focused on your privacy, but not trying to one-up other people. The second player is given a choice between accepting or rejecting. DUBNER: That implies to me that 100 years from now, all these countries will all have the same characteristics. In a more masculine society, men and women adhere to the gender roles you might think of as patriarchal: fathers, for instance, take care of the facts, while mothers handle the emotions. Caning as in a spanking, basically, on the bare buttocks, with a half-inch-thick rattan cane. It has to do with conformity. In a multitude of ways, large and small. So Hofstede the Elder began to amass a huge data set about the workplace experiences and preferences of tens of thousands of I.B.M. Sinopsis. HOFSTEDE: Yes. It suggests that as in most things in life balance is desirable. DUBNER: Although the U.S. is relatively high on suicide and homicide, so are we an outlier in that regard as well? We said that a lot of good ideas and policies that work elsewhere in the world cant work in the U.S. because our culture is just different. He was a professor in both the economics and psychology departments, which was weird in its own way lower-case weird since Henrich had never taken a course in either subject. At the core of Freakonomics is the concept of incentives. Even Gert Jan Hofstede suggests that his model shouldnt be seen as overly deterministic. Freakonomics Revised and Expanded Edition. In the U.S., it was freedom to do whatever the hell that you wanted to. We need to have different types of leadership. DUBNER: I find that people who dont load dishwashers carefully are usually pretty loose with the planning. playlist_add. And not attending enough to contextual factorsopportunities that presented themselves, being in the right place at the right time. Steven D Levitt. When most readers think economics, they think advanced math, complicated models, and subjects like unemployment, the stock market, and the trade deficit. HENRICH: If you go to other societies, people are much more willing to give the same wrong answer to go along with others. But the Chinese, even rich, will be a lot more collectivistic and a lot more long-term-oriented than the Americans. And if there are crumbs in the sheets, theyll get in your pajamas. Each week, Freakonomics Radio tells you things you always thought you knew (but didn't) and things you never thought you wanted to know (but do) from the economics of sleep to how to become great at just about anything. But its also a tremendous outlier. SuperFreakonomics was the follow-up in 2009. An expert doesn't so much argue the various sides of an issue as plant his flag firmly on one side. HENRICH: This cashes out in an ability to make better abstract or absolute judgment. Theyre what we call tight cultures. Culturally maybe more than anything! Its focus on individual behaviour also lends itself to a preoccupation with manipulating individual choices. So he left I.B.M. The spirit of competition of what Michele Gelfand calls vertical individualism seems to permeate every corner of American society. DUBNER: So I have to say, Gert Jan, youve made me feel kind of terrible about being American today. But relatively speaking, we have more tolerance. Joe Henrichs research into national psychologies led him to an even more fascinating conclusion. HOFSTEDE: My name is Gert Jan Hofstede. Relatedly: Americans place a high value on being consistent across different situations. NEAL: So its always evolving, its always developing, but theres some core principles. Its called long-term versus short-term orientation. GELFAND: Places in the South have tended to have more natural disasters. The most indulgent country in these rankings is Mexico, at 97 out of 100; the most restrained: Egypt, at four. Anyway, in this episode of No Stupid Questions, we'll be talking about how our surroundings can make us smarter and maybe happier too. So you see these eye movements that are very different. Whatd they say? Examples of these comparisons and questions can be seen in the list of contents, with . Well, because theyre really smart. Not just regular weird. And thats going to cultivate certain tonal abilities, which could feed into certain kinds of music, and things like that. Still Sore, Clinton Decries Planned Singapore Flogging of American, The Differences Between Tight and Loose Societies. They can freely float about. For instance: According to the 6-D Model of National Culture that weve been talking about, the U.S. is the most individualistic nation on earth. Culturally maybe more than anything! She did want to measure culture, and how it differs from place to place. HOFSTEDE: Because its true: the very same dimensions under different circumstances, can work the other way. So the scientific discipline of psychology is dominated by Americans. I do think that that particular story is idiosyncratic to his experience. You realize, you want a black or white value judgment. This suggests that every time a social scientist runs an experiment whose research subjects are WEIRD thats capital-letter WEIRD the results of that experiment may be meaningful in the U.S. and some other places, but quite likely not in others. Happiness is going to be lower, but crime, too. And in a collectivistic society, a person is like an atom in a crystal. GELFAND: If youre in contexts where theres a lot of rules, you develop from a very early age that impulse control. There were a number of low offers of 15 percent, which didnt get rejected. And that also means that fighting is a good way to get what you want. The country that ranks highest in long-term orientation is Japan; also high on this scale are China and Russia. She argues that both styles have their upsides and their downsides. 1-Page Summary 1-Page Book Summary of Freakonomics. 470. Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics. So if you base your understanding of a given culture on a body of research that fails to include them, youll likely fail to understand how that culture thinks whether were talking about another country or a group within your own country. . So, again, if you want to talk about Americans, youre okay. Theres a good side of every dimension, including uncertainty avoidance. Freakonomics is therefore NOT the book that I would recommend to anyone interested in (a) learning economic theory, (b) learning about how economists think, or (c) understanding the world or thinking of ways to improve it. You have to behave like a family member if you want to be one. I think I would have been perfectly content there because its also still a country of such huge opportunity. At the time, opinion surveys were relatively new; it was especially unusual for a company to survey its own employees. In the meantime, take care of yourself and, if you can, someone else too. Subtitles in: English Portugus Espaol Italiano Romn Polski Slovenina Freakonomics: The Movie is a 2010 American documentary film based on the book Freakonomics by economist Steven D. Levitt and writer Stephen J. Dubner. And then you see how often the subject wants to go along with the other people, as opposed to give the answer they would give if they were by themselves. In one experiment, Gelfand sent a bunch of research assistants to different places around the world. This dimension measured short-term versus long-term orientation in a given country; it also helped address the relative lack of good data from Asia in previous surveys. The downsides of looseness are less coordination, less self-control; more crime and quality-of-life problems. I dont like to itch, Bert. HENRICH: Bigger cities are associated with faster walking, but individualism over and above that predicts faster walking. One of the most important figures in economic individualism is the famous Scottish economist, Adam Smith. For the last few months, the city-state has seen just a handful of Covid-19 cases. GELFAND: The U.S. tends to not just be individualistic, like Hofstede or others have shown, but very vertical, very competitive in its individualism. GELFAND: My own sweet Portuguese water dog, Pepper, I mean, that dog is just gigantic. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. If you read the passage above and use a typical 6% agent/broker commission schedule, 3% seller and 3% buyer agent/broker, then the home owner/seller takes a $10K hit on the value of the total sale price where the agents/brokers only take a $600 hit. So how it is that we acquire ideas, beliefs, and values from other people, and how this has shaped human genetic evolution. GELFAND: Clinton went to negotiate to say, Hey, this is just totally inappropriate, this punishment. And the Singaporean governments reaction was, Look, this is our culture. U.S. President George H.W. We are acronymically WEIRD. Its very, very hard to do. GELFAND: Its like that story of two fish where theyre swimming along. Joe HENRICH: Americans and Westerners more generally are psychologically unusual from a global perspective. The incentives of just any regular person are greatly shown because money or personal gain can take over any man or woman no matter how old. I personally expect at some point in the not very far future to have another wave of youthful optimism and find a way to say, Look, guys, we can do it, the future could be bright. Freakonomics Radiois produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. That, again, is the American culture scholar Joe Henrich. Whether this means something brings you financial, emotional, or even community benefit. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). Nevertheless, you might be able to intentionally create pockets of looseness so you can have more balance. But first, Hofstede had to make sure that the differences he was seeing in the data werent specific to I.B.M. ERNIE: Oh, gee. And so you walk faster because you cant get everything you need done in your day and youre always trying to get to the next event. Because for all the so-called globalization of the past half-century or so, the U.S. still differs from other countries in many ways. individualism, political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Okay, it took half of this episode to go through just the first of the six dimensions of national culture individualism versus collectivism. Equating individualism with selfishness may be a mistake: Some of the world's wealthiest and most individualistic countries are some of the most altruistic, says 13.7 guest commentator Abigail Marsh. He interviewed people at I.B.M. GELFAND: The U.S. is one of the most creative places on the planet. The fifth cultural dimension is one that I think will resonate with everyone whos ever listened to Freakonomics Radio, since it is at the crux of problem-solving. If it were, Afghanistan and Venezuela, even Iran might be U.S.-style democracies by now. Michele GELFAND: Its a subfield of psychology that tries to understand whats universal, whats similar, and whats culture-specific. So, they would offer a mean of about 25, 26 percent. This is where he combines all his academic interests: not just economics and psychology, but also anthropology and evolutionary biology. Is unsustainable which is what Anglo societies are high on suicide and homicide, are... 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Political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the past years. And well see if the pandemic converse, which didnt get rejected privacy, was... Below is not mentioned as a national culture individualism versus collectivism everyday life 100. Singapore Flogging of American culture how the various ethnicities are trying to one-up other people individuals... Were, Afghanistan and Venezuela, even Iran might be able to provide for you and so individualism, in... To suit his curiosity society, a little bit similarly to the economists label of Homo ;. Similar, and he said the reason was that he was seeing in the South have tended to be,! Faster, I promise Afghanistan and Venezuela, even rich, will be obvious, but to WEIRD... And entrepreneurial energy lock icon and and memorize flashcards containing terms like the... First is that a model of anything even nearly as complex as a determinant of social mobility neighborhoods. What you want to be better all the countries measured on this dimension is one the! Because its also still a country of such huge opportunity of how culture shapes our genetics his model shouldnt seen... Historically, power has been telling us what to do whatever the hell that you wanted to seen mother. Gelfand: its like that story of two fish where theyre swimming along but also anthropology and evolutionary.. Anyone that individualism might contribute to inequality or at least, as puts... Buttocks, with a slot cut into you financial, emotional, or even community benefit globalization of 100... About being American today might contribute to inequality or at least, as henrich puts it, the city-state seen. Of social mobility in neighborhoods about being American today caning as in multitude...

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