Cleopatra the Alchemist ( Greek: ; fl. The description of this procession oozes with amazement at the extraordinary spectacle. However, she wasnt just a seductress. That ally was Gaius Proculeius, and as Cleopatra prepared to set her tomb, her possessions, her attendants (what a great boss) and herself on fire, he arrived at the scene. The battle soon devolved into a rout, and Cleopatra and Antony were forced to break through the Roman line and flee to Egypt. Egyptian historians, for example, have long conscripted her into their own national story, as a heroine and public benefactress. My own favorite is the tale told by Plutarch, writing at the turn of the first and second centuries AD, about the procedures in the kitchens of Cleopatras palace when she was entertaining Antony sometime in the 30s BC. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Antonywho considered himself the embodiment of the Greek god Dionysuswas instantly charmed and the pair later married. First, she had Mark Antony alerted that shed died by her own hand. Following a handful of battles, Mark Antonys naval fleet surrendered to Octavian in August, 30 BC. The other earring was cut in two, and each half was used to adorn the sculpture of Venus in the Pantheon. What's certainly true is that Cleopatra was purposely portrayed as a cold-blooded seductress, who was using her sexual wiles to make Antony forget his duty to Rome. But as we know, Cleopatra wasnt interested in sharing the throne with anyone, and one again, the wheels began turning in her mind. According to legend, she coaxed an asp specifically an Egyptian cobra to bite her arm, but theres no proof to support that. "Julius Ceesar knew Cleopatra more than anyone, even giving her the "Golden Mouth" nickname, as she was extremely talented for blowjobs." A normal conversation. While queen of Egypt (5130 BCE), Cleopatra actively influenced Roman politics at a crucial period and was especially known for her relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. When she was summoned to meet the TriumvirateAKA the three men who took power in Rome after the death of Caesarshe sailed down the Nile on a golden barge adorned with purple sails and silver oars. She may have been dubbed Queen of the Nile, but Cleopatra wasnt Egyptian by birth. Like most other modern writers, Schiff takes this account as vivid testimony of the extravagant pageantry that was laid on by the Ptolemaic court. But no, there were only about twelve guests; as the kitchens did not know exactly when the party would want to eat they had different boars put on the spit, to be ready at different times. She came to represent, as did no other woman of antiquity, the prototype of the romantic femme fatale. Madame de Pompadour was the alluring chief mistress of King Louis XV, but few people know her dark historyor the chilling secret shared by her and Louis. . To view it, confirm your age. News about upcoming issues, contributors, special events, online features, and more. Following a handful of battles, Mark Antonys naval fleet surrendered to Octavian in August, 30 BC. Cleopatra also considered her sister Arsinoe a rival to the throne, so in 41 BCE, Cleopatra had her assassinated on the steps of a temple in Rome. In this conversation. The conflict reached its climax the following year in a famous naval battle at Actium. The library is supposed to have been organized by Demetrius of Phaleron (a suburb of Athens), who was himself a pupil of Aristotle. For Cleopatra there are also periods of several years later in her career when we know next to nothing of her life or whereabouts. Please submit feedback to contribute@factinate.com. The name Cleopatra is girl's name of Greek origin meaning "glory of the father". For the most part, however, we have no knowledge of many of the most basic facts of Cleopatras life. As we mentioned earlier, while in Egypt, Cleopatra had fancied herself the reincarnation of the Greek goddess Isis. In Cleopatra: A Life Stacy Schiff vividly captures the glamour and larger-than-life reputation of ancient Alexandria. Anyone sailing from Alexandria to Rome in 46 BC (when Cleopatra herself made that journey to visit Julius Caesar) would have felt, to use Schiffs apt comparison, rather as if they were going from eighteenth-century Versailles to eighteenth- century Philadelphia. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Fearing Arsinoe was plotting to take over the throne herself, Cleopatra had Arsinoe assassinated on the steps of a temple in Rome. What kind of poison did Cleopatra use to kill herself? Cleopatra and Mark Antony had three sons together. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain]). Ouch, man. Despite traditions of female rulers being subordinate to males, Cleopatra erased her brother Ptolemy XIIs name from official documents, and only her face appeared on coins minted during their reign. With Caesar at her side, Cleopatra set her plan in motion to reinstall herself as the ruler of Egypt. We have a detailed account of this, originally written by a historian about a hundred years after the event, now surviving only as a quotation in a vast literary encyclopedia (Deipnosophistae, or Philosophers at Dinner) compiled at the end of the second century AD by Athenaeus, who himself came from a town near Alexandria. Why, it's because she was actually Greek. Caesar sought money for repayment of the debts incurred by Cleopatras father, Auletes, as he struggled to retain his throne. Occasionally these bons mots come rather too thick and fast for my taste. Who controlled the House of Representatives in 1982? The name Cleopatra has become synonymous with exotic beauty and allure, but the real Cleopatras beauty was further down the list of her charms. Cleopatra is often portrayed as an elegant temptress in art and film, but theres evidence that she wasnt as physically striking as you might think. He had no idea what was coming next. When Cleopatra was born in 69 BC, just over 2,100 years ago, it was at the end of the Egyptian Pharaoh dynasties and the beginning of a new phase in Egyptian history. As a part of this, might somebody have remembered some rumor they had heard about Caesar's pet names for Cleopatra back from when she was Caesar's mistress prior to his death? Their daughter, Cleopatra Selene, became an important ruler in her own right. Updates? Plutarch explains that a young medical student, Philotas, was there and witnessed life below stairs. Her father promoted the teenage Cleopatra to joint regent and deputy, and she ruled alongside her father for four years, during which time she gained valuable knowledge and experience. They spent the winter of 41-40 BCE living a life of leisure in Egypt, where they founded their own drinking society known as the Inimitable Livers. The members engaged in nightly feasts and boozy binges, as well as elaborate games and contests. As a custom amongst royalty at the time was to intermarry in order to consolidate power and money within families, her parents were likely siblings or close cousinsa disturbing custom that Cleopatra herself would become subject to. Nevertheless, in 34 bce Antony celebrated a triumphal return to Alexandria. In 40 bce Cleopatra gave birth to twins, whom she named Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Cleopatrasmeeting Mark Antony was truly dramatic. And this is not to mention a wealth of writing on technology, geography, mathematics, and medicine, some of which now survives only in Arabic translation. She ruled with her brother-husband, Ptolemy XIV, and then with her son Caesarion. Cleopatra, (Greek: Famous in Her Father) in full Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Cleopatra the Father-Loving Goddess), (born 70/69 bcedied August 30 bce, Alexandria), Egyptian queen, famous in history and drama as the lover of Julius Caesar and later as the wife of Mark Antony. But this much is clear: Cleopatra is one historical figure that we just cant see to get enough of. February 11, 2021. This is partly because, despite some sharp flashes of insight, her grip on the history, culture, and law of the Greco-Roman world is not always as firm as it might be. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Cleopatra, clever and charming, certainly knew how to make an entrance. Cleopatra: A Life by Stacy Schiff Little, Brown, 368 pp., $29.99 Mary Beard Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge. Despite Antonys marriage to Octavians sister, their relationship began to crumble. This information is drawn from any ancient source that can conveniently be brought into the picture, all jumbled together: the second-century-AD doctor Soranus, who provides most of the information we have about ancient obstetrics (including the detail of the obsidian), a papyrus letter from five centuries earlier (on what to look for in a midwife), and a considerable variety of writers on the principles and practice of contraception, from the Hippocratic corpus to the Roman satirist Juvenal. For all the mark she made on the world, Cleopatra only lived 39 years. John was born in 347 in Antioch, Syria. In keeping with this disturbing custom, Cleopatra married both of her adolescent brothers at different times during her reign, each of whom served as her spouse and co-regent. She spoke (at least) a dozen languages, was well-versed in mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy. Alternate titles: Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester. This contains a verbatim account of the speech he gave, in Greek, to the welcoming crowds on his arrival in Alexandria. The name Cleopatra is a girl's name of Greek origin meaning "glory of the father". Cleopatras last lover before her death was Mark Antony, the Roman politician and general. she didnt want to be paraded around as a prisoner. When the two met, sparks flew, and they quickly became lovers. On the most reliable calculation of 3,000 measures, this would mean a leopard-skin sack of a volume roughly equivalent to three modern tanker trucks. I tried to get my ex-wife served with divorce papers. For 300 years, her family spoke only Greek, so court documents, including the Rosetta stone, were bilingualwritten in both in Greek and Egyptian. Originally pharaonic obelisks made about 1450 BC, they were later transferred, perhaps by Augustus, to form the entrance to the shrine of Julius Caesar in Alexandria, which had almost certainly been planned and inaugurated by Cleopatra before her death. Best of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest. Whether Caesar was the father of Caesarion, as his name implies, cannot now be known. Reportedly, she was fastidious about the way she looked and dipped into the nations treasury to maintain her grooming habits and lavish lifestyle. So, she married himafter all, it had worked with the last brother. Germanicus trip, however, did not go down well with his adoptive father, the reigning emperor Tiberius, since the young man had broken the rules by going to Egypt without the emperors express permission. Of course, she wasnt one to share, and less than two months after the death of Caesar, Ptolemy XIV was dead as well. Cleopatra considered herself divine in accordance with the religion of the times: Egyptian rulers were both governor and god/goddess. Shes officially known as Cleopatra VII Philopater. The text explains that placing gold foil on the tongue would ensure the deceased would be able to breathe, eat and speak in the afterlife. The pair even started a drinking clubthe society of Inimitable Liverswhich indulged in feasts and wine-binges, and engaged in elaborate games and contests. All dolled up to resemble the goddess Aphrodite, the queen sat beneath a gilded canopy, while attendants dressed as cupids fanned her. Her full name was Cleopatra VII, which means that she was the seventh woman with this name in the family of Egyptian pharaohs. As far as I can tell, the orator Dio was called the "Golden Mouth" because of his skill as an orator. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. When Mark Antony was served his second course, he was shocked to discover that his dish contained only strong vinegar. It was Sosigenes who proposed the idea of leap years and leap days. Cleopatra and Antony died at their own hand in 30 BC, after being cornered by Octavians forces in Alexandria. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Cleopatra buried Antony and then committed suicide. A limestone stela of the High Priest of Ptah bearing the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion, Egypt, Ptolemaic Period, the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London. Cleopatra joined Julius Caesar in Rome beginning in 46 B.C., and her presence seems to have caused quite a stir. When the Roman leader Octavian was offered a chance to name a month in his honor, he chose August, the month he defeated Cleopatra, instead of his September birth month, as his success was founded on her loss. Never the shrinking violet, Cleopatra was presented with her own fleet of warships during the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Her full name is Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (meaning "the father-loving goddess" in Greek). A heartbroken Mark Antony immediately took his own life by stabbing himself in the stomach. In 48 BC, the resourceful Cleopatra, forbidden by her brother Ptolemy XIII to meet with the Roman general, had herself wrapped in a carpet (or, according to some historians, a linen sack) and smuggled into Caesars quarters. Making distraction rewarding since 2017. But the early Ptolemies were great builders on a much wider scale. Ironically, one of our most powerful, albeit indirect, connections to Cleopatras Alexandria is the two obelisks known as Cleopatras Needles, one of which now stands in Central Park, the other on the Thames Embankment. Oh, and she was also determined that Mark Antony know about it. In one account, he was taken to her side while still barely alive, where he told her that he had one ally left from Octavians side, and that she should trust him. Copyright 2023 by Factinate.com. The truth is that peel[ing] away the encrusted myth of Cleopatra reveals that there is very little underneath the ancient fictional surface, and certainly nothing that can be the stuff of a plausible life storyunless it is padded out with half-relevant background that is, in a sense, fiction of a different kind. One of its most famous librarians, in the early third century BC, was the poet Callimachus, originally from Cyrene (in modern Libya). Her full title is "Cleopatra the Seventh Palopo" meaning that there were six other Cleopatra's before her. Corrections? Schiffs problem lies more in the nature of the project that she has set herself: namely to write the biography of an ancient character as if it were possible to tell a reasonably reliable story from cradle to grave (on the model of her earlier excellent studies of Antoine de Saint-Exupry and Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov). Her relationship with Antony had a political component as well: Cleopatra needed him to protect her crown (he did so by killing her sister, Arsinoe, a rival to the throne). 4 Why was Cleopatra considered to be a god? Cleopatra first began her legendary love affair with the Roman general Mark Antony in 41 B.C. It was a horrible mistake. Verified account Protected Tweets @; Suggested users Cleopatra dressed up as the goddess Aphrodite and sat beneath a gilded canopy while servants dressed as cupids fanned her and burned sweet-smelling incense. The tomb of Alexander was only one among many highlights, though it was a particular favorite with visiting Roman generals. But there was more to Cleopatra than kohl eyeliner, milk and honey baths, and henna tats. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Or sheer fantasy? Just because Cleopatra and Mark Antony were the life of the party doesnt mean they didnt have their fair share of problems. I should prefer to praise you, he insisted, as being self-restrained enough to keep silentthe highest praise you can accord a mass meeting is to say that it listens well. By all accounts, this did not make much impact on the Alexandrians whose riots and unruliness were notorious well into the Christian period (and provide the backdrop to the Spanish director Alejandro Amenbars recent movie Agora, which is set in fourth-century-AD Roman Egypt). They were buried together, as both of them had wished, and with them was buried the Roman Republic. Her wit and intelligence were often downplayed or overshadowed entirely by her sexiness in accounts written by her Roman critics. Our credibility is the turbo-charged engine of our success. She wore the hairstyle of her Greek ancestors, with her hair braided into a bun. After Alexander died in 323 BC, three of his generals divvied up his empire; Ptolemy got Egypt. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. They ended up in New York and London at the end of the nineteenth century, thanks to the usual combination of generosity, antiquarianism, and imperial exploitation. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The pair became lovers in 41 BC and returned to Alexandria together. While Roman historian Dio Cassius described Cleopatra as a woman of surpassing beauty, a number of modern historians have characterized her as less than exceptionally attractive. Cleopatra's father's name was Ptolemy XII. Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and Octavian all spent nearly a year negotiating a plan amenable to all three, but Octavian grew frustrated by it allafter all, Cleopatra and Mark Antony had lost at the Battle of Actium. Shed been known for her penchant for poison, so its generally agreed upon that it played a role, with one rumor claiming shed poisoned herself. We have here, in other words, a direct connection right back to an eyewitness in Cleopatras kitchens, more than two thousand years ago. Going along with her shenanigans, Caesar commissioned a gold statue of Cleopatra which was erected in the temple of Venus in Rome. Emma has contributed to various art and culture publications, with an aim to promote and share the work of inspiring modern creatives. One of the more remarkable finds was a female mummy that was enclosed in a full body death mask . Though her family lived in Egypt for about three hundred years, Cleopatras roots could be traced back to the Greek Ptolemy I, who served under Alexander the Great. Aided by Julius Caesar, her lover, she returned to power upon her brothers death in 47. Who was Cleopatras Last Lover before her death? Reply . Theres speculation to this day about the way that Cleopatra took her own life. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); There is something elusive, even a whiff of spin, about him, Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge. According to lore, Cleopatra and Mark Antony enjoyed dressing up in disguise and wandering Rome while playing pranks on its unwitting citizens. In her case the best we have is a possible signature on a document authorizing tax concessions and the report that in her final days she muttered again and again, I shall not be led in triumph (whether the surviving fragments of writing on cosmetics, dandruff, and weights and measure, attributed to a Cleopatra are by her or not is now anyones guess). She was 39 and had been a queen for 22 years and Antonys partner for 11. Following her defeat at the hands of her husband-brother, Cleopatra was forced to flee along with her sister, Arsinoe IV. Schiffs approach to the story of Cleopatra is, in part, skeptical and businesslike. Octavian told her hed keep her alive, but that was all he said. Frankly, we shall never know. Once again, she prepared to take her own life, and this time, she was successful. So not only did he sort-of ditch Cleopatra, he also had two children with Octavia. In one of Antony and Cleopatras elaborate contests, she bet him that she could throw the most expensive dinner in history. Cleopatras younger brother Ptolemy XIII now sat on the Egyptian throne at only 13 years old, and he ruled with all the maturity and tact one would expect from a 13-year-old. Cleopatra by John William Waterhouse, 1888. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 14 September 407 (aged c. 58) Comana in Pontus. Cleopatra, (Greek: "Famous in Her Father") in full Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator ("Cleopatra the Father-Loving Goddess"), (born 70/69 bce died August 30 bce, Alexandria), Egyptian queen, famous in history and drama as the lover of Julius Caesar and later as the wife of Mark Antony. ), Read another story from us:The Forgotten Son of Caesar and Cleopatra. Our editors are instructed to fact check thoroughly, including finding at least three references for each fact. During their own lifetimes their liaison quickly became infamous, the subject . cleopatra nickname golden mouth california nickname golden state golden retriever nickname nickname golden v golden state warriors nickname crossword golden state warriors nickname dubs nickname golden state residents rarely use free fire nickname golden golden mouth nickname golden bear nickname nickname for the golden state crossword Comments Once again, she prepared to take her own life, and this time, she was successful. When Cleopatra sided with the Syrians, the Romans retaliated by helping her husband-brother Ptolemy XIII steal the throne from her. She also possessed a mastery of politics and warfare. The boys sister, Cleopatra Selene, was to be ruler of Cyrene. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Caesar called her Golden Mouth. Cleopatra, now married to her brother Ptolemy XIV, was restored to her throne. Following the war, Cleopatra remarried to her younger. After Cleopatras father died, she and her younger brother (Ptolemy XIII) were appointed as joint rulers. Each of the floats required hundreds of men to pull them along, partly because of the ingenious, mechanicaland presumably very heavydisplays that they carried. In the end, we should probably resist the allure of biography and stick with the Augustan myth and Horaces demented queen.. (July 2017) Read Next The Editors The Opening Editorial November 7, 2013 issue Kirkus Reviews Short Review July 14, 1977 issue John Ashbery Cleopatra was of Macedonian descent and had little, if any, Egyptian blood, although the Classical author Plutarch wrote that she alone of her house took the trouble to learn Egyptian and, for political reasons, styled herself as the new Isis, a title that distinguished her from the earlier Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra III, who had also claimed to be the living embodiment of the goddess Isis. They were inseparablethey hunted together, drank together, played dice together, and she watched while he performed military exercises. Did Caesar really give Cleopatra the nickname "golden mouth" for her oral sex skills? In his will, he made 18-year-old Cleopatra and her 10-year-old brother joint rulers. Cleopatra was actually the seventh woman in the Ptolemaic dynasty to bear the name. He wasnt actually an ally of Antonys at all, and he dragged Cleopatra kicking and screaming from her tomb to bring her to Octavian. Coin portraits of Cleopatra show a countenance alive rather than beautiful, with a sensitive mouth, firm chin, liquid eyes, broad forehead, and prominent nose. The Roman Senate deprived Antony of his prospective consulate for the following year, and it then declared war against Cleopatra. VisitMy Modern Met Media. As Schiff herself admits, childhood was not a big seller in the ancient world, by which she means that for almost every biographical subject there is a total void to be filled before the age of twenty or thirty. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. According to popular belief, Cleopatra killed herself by allowing an asp (Egyptian cobra) to bite her, but for Greek and Roman historians, Cleopatra poisoned herself using either a toxic ointment or by introducing the poison with a sharp implement such as a hairpin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, he did say that it was the whole packageher wit, her charm, and (again, according to Plutarch) sweetness in the tones of her voice that made her so irresistible to everyone. Their relationship had a political componentCleopatra needed Antony to protect her crown and maintain Egypts independence, while Antony needed access to Egypts riches and resourcesbut they were also famously fond of each others company. Cleopatra is responsible for a confounding phenomenon that we still deal with today. The murder of the Roman general Pompey, who had sought refuge from Ptolemy XIII at Pelusium, and the arrival of Julius Caesar brought temporary peace. Cleopatra was equally crafty in her first encounter with Antony in 41 BC. There have been at least five biographies of Cleopatra in English in the last five years, and the appetite on the part of readers and publishers for life stories of ancient characters seems insatiable. My mom never told me how her best friend died. Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt, and Cleopatra retired to her mausoleum as Antony went off to fight his last battle. I knew that she was going to take it badly, but I had no idea about the insane lengths she would go to just to get revenge and mess with my life. Years later, I was using her phone when I made an utterly chilling discovery. The name Cleopatra is a girls name of Greek origin meaning glory of the father. Named after his mother, I guess. Antony, meanwhile, desired access to Egypts resources. Check out 10 surprising facts about the fabled Queen of the Nile. Cleopatra wasnt about to give up her throne that easily, so after a coup installed her brother as ruler, she drummed up mercenaries, formed an army, and fought against her brothers army at Pelusium. As Caesar continued his reign in Rome with Cleopatra at his side, there was unrest from both the public at large and those closest to the rulerand there was a dark plan in store for him. A royal name in ancient Egypt that's never quite made it to the modern world, though nickname Cleo is widely used. Phone when I made an utterly chilling discovery battle of Actium in 31 BC made utterly... Served with divorce papers in disguise and wandering Rome while playing pranks its. ( Photo: Wikimedia Commons [ public Domain ] ) career when we know next to nothing of her or... Sat beneath a gilded canopy, while in Egypt, Cleopatra had fancied the. Be known over cleopatra nickname golden mouth throne from her great builders on a much wider scale the crowds. Remarried to her younger brother ( Ptolemy XIII ) were appointed as joint rulers Forgotten son of Caesar Cleopatra. Her alive, but Cleopatra wasnt Egyptian by birth Cleopatras last lover her! 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Had Arsinoe assassinated on the steps of a temple in Rome habits and lavish lifestyle quite stir... We have no knowledge of many of the New York Review, books! By GDPR cookie consent plugin a god have long conscripted her into their hand.